Y-chromosome variation in Basrah population

Y-chromosome DNA profiles are promising tools in population genetics and forensic science. Analysis of Y-chromosome variety was performed on a total of 191 unrelated males throughout different regions in Basrah. The Y-chromosome variety was explored utilizing 17 markers system. For the uniparental system, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Basrah population are (R1b, E1b1b, G2a, and J1) considered to have begun in the Middle East and to have later spread all over Western Eurasia. 30% of the Y-chromosomes, in all likelihood, represent landings from inaccessible distant geographic regions. The level of haplotype diversity and its implication for statistics are evaluated. The distinctive extent of long go genetic input observed for the Y chromosome shows that gene flow events to this area might have involved mainly males.


INTRODUCTION
The human Y-chromosome is male explicit, and the connected Y-STRs situating on the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome has a patrilineal inheritance mode. It is only inherited from fathers to sons. They are transmitted unchanged except for the mutations, making the Y-STR haplotype very useful in paternal lineage testing [1,2]. At present, Y-STRs are being widely utilized in forensic casework, especially in sexual assaults with high amounts of female DNA and paternity cases in the absence of an alleged father. They also play an important role in population genetics and human evolution studies. The main goal of the study was to understand the basic Y-chromosomal variation in Basrah and to evaluate the factors affecting the use of uniparentally inherited markers in Basrah for forensic casework.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Blood samples (191) were collected from unrelated, healthy male volunteers born and living in different parts of Basrah from different ages. DNA was extracted using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit Quick protocol by the Geneaid company.

Statistical analyses
Y-STR haplotype data were set up for the analysis utilizing the MS Excel™ with Microsatellite Toolkit [3]. The essential parameters of molecular diversity were determined utilizing the Arlequin software ver. 3.1 [4]. Allele and haplotype frequencies were assessed by a simple gene counting method. The allele frequency of the multicopy locus DYS385 was examined as a blend of two alleles. Quality gene diversity (GD) of every locus and haplotype diversity (HD) was processed.

Y-chromosome haplogroup prediction
The haplotypes of the 17 Y-STRs of 191 male individuals were submitted to Whit Athey's Haplogroup Predictor (http://www.hprg.com/ hapest5/index.html), with equivalent priors [5]. The most astounding probabilities were resolved as the derived haplogroups.

Gene diversity
Gene diversity values for every Y-STR loci are given in Table 1. All-time low gene diversity (0.3547) was found in DYS392 locus, the best gene diversity (0.8461) was found in DYS385 locus, the lowest number of alleles (4) were observed in (DYS391, DYS439, DYS437, DYS438, loci respectively, while the highest number of alleles (9) was observed in (DYS385) locus.
Compared with the Turkish study on seventeen Y-STR loci from the Cukurova region of Turkey, the lowest gene diversity (0.5) was recorded in DYS 391, and the highest gene diversity (0.95) was found in DYS385. No vital variations were found with haplotype data of different Turkish populations [6]. JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE   JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE For the Kuwaiti population, the lowest value of GD was observed for DYS437 (0.409), while the highest one (0.957) was found in DYS385. The lowest genetic diversity value for the Failaka Island population found in DYS392 (0.236), and the highest one (0.976) is presented by DYS385 [7]. Table 2 shows the mean number of pairwise differences (MPD) and the mean number of gene diversity for Basrah and neighboring populations. Iran has the highest mean number of gene diversity (0.69356) [8], Qatar shows the lowest (0.37274) [9]. Both Kuwait and Failaka Island shared a similar mean number of gene diversity (0.62578 and 0.64495, respectively) [7]. The mean number of pairwise differences for the Basrah population is calculated (16.745). The MPD values ranged from 5.521 for Qatar [9] to 10.911 for Iran [8].

Locus
The mean number of pairwise differences for Kuwait and Failaka Island are 8.951 and 8.775, respectively [7].

Allele frequency
The observed allele frequencies of the seventeen Y-STR loci are given in Table 3. The low frequency (0.0052) in allele (1) in DYS3891, DYS390 locus, allele (2) in DYS19, DSY393 allele (5) in DYS3891, allele (7) in DYS34, allele (8) in DYS635, allele (9) in DYS19 and DYS393. At the same time, high frequency was found in allele (3) in the DYS34 locus. The observed alleles in this study for all loci are between alleles (1) and (9). Compared with other populations like Turkish, the alleles observed were between (9) and (33) for all loci [6].
In this study, we did not observe intermediate or null alleles compared with the Turkish population, which found several intermediate alleles at DYS458 -12.2, 16.2, 17.2, 18.2, 19.2, and 20.2, and one null allele was observed at DYS448 [6]. Table 4 shows the minimum and maximum allele frequency observed in this study. The low number of alleles was (4) at DYS33 with frequency (0.5091), DYS439 with frequency (0.3562), DYS437 with frequency (0.4598), DYS438 with frequency (0.3550), while the maximum number of alleles observed were (9) at DYS358 with frequency (0.1539). The minimum allele frequency of 0.1111 was observed at DYS385, while the maximum allele frequency of 0.9691 was observed at DYS33, DYS439, DYS437, DYS438.